CASES

Interface measurement: Guided wave radar can measure the Interface, such as the oil-water interface, the interface between liquid and slurry, etc. This function is very important in petrochemical, chemical and other industries, especially in multiphase liquid systems to measure the height of the boundary between different media. The following details explain its principle, implementation mode and working condition requirements.     1. Basic principle of interface measurement   Guided wave radar measurement interface is based on dielectric constant difference and electromagnetic wave reflection principle. 1. Electromagnetic wave reflection mechanism: • The electromagnetic wave emitted by the guided wave radar will partially reflect when it encounters different media. The strength of this reflection depends on the difference in permittivity between adjacent media. • A medium with a high dielectric constant reflects a stronger signal. For example, the dielectric constant of water (≈80) is much higher than that of oil (≈2~4), so the reflected signal is very obvious at the oil-water interface. 2. Signal distribution: • Electromagnetic waves first encounter the liquid surface (for example, the top of the oil layer), where the first reflection occurs. • The remaining electromagnetic wave continues to propagate until it reaches the oil-water interface, producing a second reflection. • After receiving the two reflected signals, the instrument calculates the liquid level height and the interface height respectively through the time difference and signal strength. 3. Dual interface measurement: • For oil-water mixtures, the guided wave radar can simultaneously measure the oil level position at the top and the oil-water interface height at the bottom.   2. Method of interface measurement   2.1 Signal Processing   Guided wave radar uses a special signal analysis algorithm to achieve interface measurement: • Signal strength analysis: • Distinguish the top liquid level from the bottom interface by analyzing the strength of the reflected signal. A medium with a high dielectric constant (such as water) reflects a stronger signal, while a medium with a low dielectric constant (such as oil) has a weaker signal. • Time difference calculation: • The instrument records the time of each reflected signal and, combined with the known wave velocity, calculates the position of the top liquid level and interface respectively.   2.2 Multiple Calibration   In actual conditions, the interface measurement requires factory calibration or field calibration of the guided wave radar: • Factory calibration: Manufacturers pre-set parameters according to the permittivity of common media. • On-site calibration: The user sets and optimizes the instrument according to the specific medium, such as entering the dielectric constant value of different media.   3. Working condition requirements of interface measurement   3.1 Medium Requirements   1. Dielectric constant difference: • The accuracy of the interface measurement is directly related to the dielectric constant difference. The greater the dielectric constant difference, the stronger the interface reflected signal and the more reliable the measurement. • Examples of typical media differences: • Water and oil: large differences, easy to measure. • Alcohol vs. oil: The difference is smaller and may require a more sensitive instrument. 2. Uniformity: • The measured medium should be as uniform as possible, for example, the oil-water interface should be clear. If the medium has a large fluctuation or mixing zone (emulsion layer), it may lead to measurement errors.   3.2 Environment Requirements   1. Stirring and fluctuation: • If the interface fluctuates violently (such as violently stirring or tossing), the reflected signal may be unstable. • It is recommended to measure under static or more stable conditions. 2. Temperature and pressure: • Guided wave radar can generally adapt to high temperature and pressure, but it is necessary to ensure that the rod material can withstand the actual working conditions. • Large temperature gradients may have a slight effect on signal propagation speed, but the instrument can be corrected by compensation. 3. Container shape and obstacles: • The probe rod should avoid stirrers, escalators or other structural obstacles to avoid interfering with signal propagation.   3.3 Dielectric constant input   • Interface measurement requires the permittivity of both media to be entered in advance. • If the permittivity of the two media is too close (e.g., the difference is less than 5), the guided wave radar may have difficulty accurately distinguishing the interface.   4. Advantages and limitations of interface measurement   advantage   1. Non-contact measurement (through the probe rod) : no direct contact with the interface, strong durability. 2. Accurately distinguish the interface: it can measure the top liquid level and the interface position at the same time, providing comprehensive information of multi-layer liquid. 3.Resistant to complex conditions: suitable for high temperature, high pressure, corrosive media environment. 4. Easy integration: Compatible with industrial automation systems, remote data monitoring can be achieved.   limitation   1. Strong dependence on dielectric constant difference: the interface with small dielectric constant difference is difficult to measure. 2. Impact of emulsion layer: • If there is an emulsifying layer between the two media (such as an oil-water mixture), the reflected signal may be dispersed and the height of the interface can be measured inaccurately. 3. Interference signals: stirrers or other devices may cause pseudo-reflected signals. 4. Calibration complexity: It is necessary to accurately understand the characteristics of the measured medium in order to carry out effective calibration. 5. Typical application scenarios   1. Oil-water separator: used to measure the height of the oil level and the position of the oil-water interface to ensure the purity of the oil. 2. Chemical reaction tank: monitoring the stratification state of different liquids during the reaction process. 3. Sewage treatment: Measure the height of the clean water layer and the sludge interface to optimize the process operation. 4. Tank level management: Accurate measurement of each liquid layer in the mixed liquid tank.   Sum up   Guided wave radar can accurately measure the interface height of liquid by detecting the reflected signals of different media. The key lies in the difference of dielectric constant and signal processing technology. Although it has certain requirements for working conditions and medium characteristics, its high accuracy and wide applicability make it the preferred tool for multiphase liquid interface measurement.                                                                                                                                             Thank you 

Guided wave radar is a kind of instrument that uses electromagnetic wave to measure liquid level and material level, which is often used to measure the position of liquid, slurry or solid particles in industrial environment. It has the characteristics of high precision, durability and adaptability to a variety of working conditions. The following is a detailed explanation from the basic principle, working process, applicable conditions, advantages and disadvantages.    1. How it works Guided wave radar is based on Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR), which transmits and reflects electromagnetic waves to measure the position of the medium. • Core components: • Sounding rod or cable: the carrier that guides the propagation of electromagnetic waves. • Transmitter: emits low-energy, high-frequency electromagnetic waves (usually microwaves). • Receiving device: receiving the electromagnetic wave signal reflected back. • Electronic unit: processing and analyzing signals and output measurement results. • Measurement process: 1. The instrument emits electromagnetic waves through the probe rod or cable. 2. Electromagnetic waves propagate along the probe rod or cable, and when encountering the measured medium (such as liquid or solid particles), some electromagnetic waves will be reflected back because the dielectric constant of the medium is different from that of air. 3. The instrument records the time it takes for electromagnetic waves to be emitted and reflected back (time of flight). 4. According to the propagation speed of the electromagnetic wave in the probe rod (known), calculate the distance of the wave from the probe to the surface of the medium. 5. Combined with the length of the probe rod and the size of the container, calculate the liquid level or material level.       2. Operating conditions   Guided wave radar is widely used in industrial fields, suitable for a variety of complex conditions, as follows:   2.1 Liquid Measurement   • Clean liquids such as water, solvents, oils. • Viscous liquid: such as petroleum, resin, slurry, etc.   2.2 Measurement of solid particles   • Low density solids: such as plastic particles, powders. • High density solids: such as sand, cement, grain, etc.   2.3 Complex Operating Conditions   • High temperature and high pressure: Guided wave radar can withstand extreme temperatures (such as up to 400 ° C) and high pressure environments. • Volatile or foam surfaces: Foam or volatile liquid surfaces can interfere with other measurement methods, but guided wave radars can usually cope. • Corrosive media: Through the selection of corrosion-resistant materials (such as teflon coated probe rod), it can be used in corrosive environments such as acid and alkali.     3. Advantages and disadvantages   3.1 Advantages   1. High precision: The measurement accuracy is usually up to ±2 mm, which is very suitable for process control requiring high accuracy. 2. Not affected by working conditions: • Not affected by changes in temperature, pressure, density, viscosity and other medium properties. • Penetrable to dust, steam or foam. 3. Wide range of application: almost all liquids and most solids can be measured. 4. Maintenance-free: no moving parts, small wear, long service life. 5. Flexible installation: It can be installed on the top of the container and measured by the probe rod or probe cable.   3.2 Disadvantages   1. High installation requirements: • The probe rod or cable should be kept at a certain distance from the vessel wall to avoid interference. • There are requirements for the length of the probe rod, and the applicable measurement range is limited (usually within tens of meters). 2. Depends on the installation environment: • If there are stirrers or obstructions in the container, it may interfere with the signal. • For some very low dielectric constant media (such as some oil products), the reflected signal is weak, affecting the measurement. 3. High cost: Compared with other traditional level gauges (such as float type, pressure type), the initial cost is higher. 4. High signal processing requirements: under complex conditions, advanced signal processing technology may be required to distinguish multiple reflections.     4. Summarize the example   Suppose you have a bucket filled with water, you take a probe pole (guided wave radar), let a beam of electromagnetic waves propagate along the probe pole towards the surface of the water, when the electromagnetic wave reaches the surface, due to the different dielectric constants of water and air, part of the wave is reflected back. The radar equipment measures the back and forth time of the beam and can calculate the distance from the surface of the water to the starting point of the probe rod, thus knowing the height of the water.   Compared to the traditional "measuring the depth of the bucket with a ruler" method, the guided wave radar is not only fast and accurate, but also can work in harsh environments, such as the water in the bucket is high temperature or stirred. Through this method, guided wave radar can accurately measure liquid level or material level under complex conditions, which is suitable for various industrial applications. However, it is necessary to pay attention to the installation environment and measurement conditions in use to exert its best performance.                                                                                                                                Thank you     

The magnetic flap level gauge is a liquid level measuring device based on the principle of buoyancy and magnetic coupling.   Working principle 1. Buoyancy effect The core component of a magnetic flap level gauge is a float enclosed in a measuring tube. When the liquid level rises or falls, the float moves with it. 2. Magnetic coupling transmission The float contains a permanent magnet, and the movement of the float drives the magnetic flip plate on the external display panel to flip, usually red or white to indicate the liquid and gas areas respectively, thus indicating the liquid level. 3. Signal output • The measuring tube side can be equipped with reed tube or magnetostrictive sensor for detecting the position signal of the maglev. • The electronic module converts the level change into a standard analog signal (e.g., 4 ~ 20mA) or a digital signal for transmission to the remote monitoring system.   Limitation 1. Applicable media The magnetic flap level meter is mainly suitable for liquids with a density greater than the float density. If the density of the liquid is too low or close to the density of the float, the insufficient buoyancy causes the measurement to be inaccurate. 2. Temperature and pressure limitations • High temperature will affect the magnetism of the magnet, will fail after a certain temperature, need to choose high temperature resistant materials. • The high-pressure vessel must be designed to withstand pressure; otherwise, the pipe or float will be deformed. 3. Viscous and crystalline substances The viscous liquid will increase the friction of the float and affect the movement flexibility. A medium that is easily crystallized or with suspended matter may trap the float.   Installation method 1. Install it vertically Ensure that the measuring tube is vertical when installed. Deviation will block the float and cause measurement errors. 2. Media inlet and outlet The inlet pipe mouth should not directly impact the float, so as to avoid strong impact on the float, affecting the life and measurement accuracy. 3. Clean and protect Check and clean the measuring tube before installation to prevent welding slag or debris from affecting float movement. For corrosive media, anticorrosive materials should be selected. 4. Install in bypass mode The magnetic flap level gauge is usually installed on the side of the storage tank or container in the form of a bypass tube to ensure that the liquid level is synchronized with the liquid level in the container.   Convert float height to a 4 to 20mA signal 1. Principles • Magnetostriction or reed tube resistance chain technology can be used for position detection. • When the float moves with the liquid level, its magnetic field action triggers the measuring element to generate a resistance or frequency signal, which is converted by the transmitter into a standard 4 to 20mA signal.   Extended application and improvement suggestions 1. Remote monitoring and intelligence Combined with the wireless transmission module, the magnetic turnover level meter can achieve remote monitoring and control of data through the industrial Internet of Things. 2. Improved environmental adaptability • For high temperature and pressure environments, use ceramic or high temperature stainless steel. • For corrosive media, choose PTFE or other special coatings. 3. Compatible with various output signals In addition to 4 ~ 20mA, the design supports intelligent output modes such as Modbus and HART protocol to improve the compatibility with the automation system.   Conclusion The magnetic flap level meter is simple, intuitive and durable, and is suitable for a variety of liquid level measurement occasions. Despite the limitations of temperature and media, its application range and reliability can be further improved through reasonable selection and improvement.                                                                                                                          Thank you 

The main role of capillaries in pressure measurement or differential pressure measurement is to transmit pressure over long distances and to help protect sensitive pressure transmitters or sensors from high temperatures, corrosive media or vibrations in the measuring environment. Capillaries are often used with diaphragm seals (also known as diaphragms) to transmit pressure through a capillary filled with conductive fluid to a pressure transmitter, ensuring measurement accuracy and sensor safety. The main role and function of capillary 1. Long-distance pressure transmission (some occasions are not suitable for pressure tube) When the measuring point is a certain distance away from the pressure transmitter, it may be difficult to directly introduce the medium (such as gas, liquid, steam) into the pressure transmitter. Capillaries can transmit pressure over long distances, placing the transmitter in a location more suitable for maintenance or monitoring. For example, when measuring steam pressure, the transmitter can be damaged by high temperatures, and the capillary can keep the transmitter away from the high temperature source. 2. Isolation medium (corrosive medium requires special diaphragm material) : Capillaries are often used with diaphragm seals, which isolate the measuring medium from the pressure transmitter to avoid direct contact between the medium and the transmitter. This prevents corrosive or viscous media (such as acid-base liquids or high-temperature steam) from entering the transmitter and protects it from damage. 3. Control of thermal effect (beyond the limit range of the transmitter) : In high temperature situations (such as measuring the pressure of boiler steam), directly connected pressure transmitters can be damaged by high temperatures. By using a capillary, the capillary can be filled with a suitable conducting liquid (usually a liquid with a low temperature expansion coefficient), effectively reducing the effect of temperature on the pressure transmitter. This liquid can transmit pressure signals without transferring heat, protecting the transmitter from high temperature damage. 4. Reduce vibration effects: When there is severe mechanical vibration at the measuring point, the direct installation of the pressure transmitter may affect the measurement accuracy or damage the transmitter. With capillary tubes, the transmitter can be installed away from the vibration source, thus reducing the impact of vibration on measurement accuracy.   Examples of using capillaries 1. Boiler steam pressure measurement: In boiler steam pressure measurements, the temperature of the steam is usually very high (e.g., over 200°C). If the transmitter is installed directly at the measuring point, the high temperature of the steam will cause serious damage to the transmitter. Through the use of diaphragm seals and capillaries, steam pressure can be transmitted over long distances and at lower temperatures, allowing the transmitter to operate at the right temperature while ensuring measurement accuracy.   2. Differential pressure measurement of corrosive media in chemical plants: In chemical plants, certain media are highly corrosive. If this medium is allowed to come into direct contact with the differential pressure transmitter, the transmitter will be quickly damaged by corrosion. Therefore, by installing a diaphragm seal at the differential pressure measuring point and using a capillary to transmit the pressure signal to the differential pressure transmitter, the medium does not come into direct contact with the sensitive transmitter, thus protecting the device and extending its service life.   3. Differential pressure transmitter in liquid level measurement: When a differential pressure transmitter is used for level measurement (for example, tank level), the physical properties of the liquid (such as high temperature, viscosity, or corrosion) may affect the proper operation of the transmitter. Capillary and diaphragm seals can hold the transmitter away from the liquid while transmitting the pressure signal through the conducting fluid in the capillary. In this way, the transmitter is not in direct contact with the measured medium, reducing the risk of damage.   In summary, capillaries play a role in pressure transfer, medium isolation and environmental protection in pressure and differential pressure measurement, especially for high temperature, corrosive and vibration environments.                                                                                                                                                        Thank you 

Five categories of stainless steel Austenitic stainless steel. These are the most commonly used types of stainless steel. Compared with other alloy steels, austenitic stainless steels tend to have a higher chromium content and therefore higher corrosion resistance. Another common feature of austenitic stainless steel alloys is that they tend to be non-magnetic.   Ferrite stainless steel. The second most common form of stainless steel after austenitic alloys. As the name suggests, ferritic stainless steel is magnetic. These alloys can be hardened by cold working. They also tend to be cheaper due to lower nickel content.   Martensitic stainless steel .The least common category of stainless steel alloys. They tend to have lower corrosion resistance than ferritic or austenitic alloys, but they have high hardness. Martensitic stainless steel alloys are often ideal for applications requiring extremely high tensile strength and impact resistance. When the application also requires corrosion resistance, these alloys can be used with protective polymer coatings. Duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steel. This kind of stainless steel is named "duplex stainless steel" because of its composition; It is made of half austenite and half delta ferrite. These stainless steels have better corrosion resistance, especially against chloride pitting, as well as higher tensile strength than standard austenitic stainless steels. Due to its physical properties and chemical resistance, duplex stainless steel is widely used in pipeline systems in the oil and gas industry or pipelines and pressure vessels in the petrochemical industry.   Precipitation hardened (PH) stainless steel. This type of stainless steel is made of durable, corrosion-resistant alloys with excellent strength. They are treated to yield strength three to four times that of standard austenitic stainless steel. They are most commonly used in the aerospace, nuclear, and oil and gas industries.                                                                                                                                            Thank you 

In applications where hydrogen is measured, pressure transmitters or differential pressure transmitters usually use stainless steel diaphragms. However, when handling and measuring hydrogen, it is common practice to gold-plate stainless steel diaphragms. The reason behind this involves the physicochemical properties of hydrogen and its interaction with metallic materials. Here's how:   1. Characteristics and permeability of hydrogen   Hydrogen (H₂) is one of the smallest molecules in nature and is extremely permeable. Its extremely small molecular size allows it to easily penetrate many solid materials, including metals such as stainless steel. When hydrogen penetrates the stainless steel diaphragm, it can cause the following problems: Hydrogen Embrittlement: Hydrogen atoms can diffuse into the lattice of stainless steel, causing the material to become brittle. Hydrogen infiltration will cause stress concentration, resulting in brittle fracture or damage of stainless steel under mechanical stress. • Measurement error: Hydrogen permeates the back of the diaphragm, affecting the strain characteristics of the diaphragm, which in turn affects the measurement accuracy of the transmitter.       2. The necessity of gold plating   Gold plating is used to reduce or prevent the penetration of hydrogen. Gold is a high density and chemically inert metal with excellent permeability resistance. The specific reasons are as follows: Low permeability: The permeability of gold to hydrogen is much lower than that of stainless steel. This is because gold has a tighter lattice structure and a dense array of atoms, which can effectively prevent hydrogen molecules from passing through. Corrosion resistance: Gold does not react with hydrogen and is therefore able to maintain its physicochemical stability so that it does not deteriorate or corrode when exposed to hydrogen. • Reduce hydrogen embrittlement: Because gold can block the penetration of hydrogen, the stainless steel substrate is not susceptible to the diffusion of hydrogen atoms, thereby reducing or preventing hydrogen embrittlement.   3. Mechanism of gold-plating treatment   When the stainless steel membrane is gold-plated, the gold layer acts as a physical barrier, preventing hydrogen molecules from penetrating the bottom layer of the stainless steel. This treatment significantly reduces hydrogen penetration, protects the structure inside the diaphragm, maintains the mechanical strength and elastic properties of the stainless steel diaphragm, and ensures that the pressure transmitter provides stable and accurate readings when measuring hydrogen.   Technical details include:   • Thickness of the gold plating: The thickness of the gold plating needs to be thin enough not to affect the sensitivity of the diaphragm, but also thick enough to prevent hydrogen from penetrating. Usually the thickness ranges from a few microns to tens of microns. • Gold plating process: Using technologies such as electroplating or physical vapor deposition (PVD) to ensure that the gold layer is uniform and void free to enhance its permeability resistance.                         4. Application examples and practical experience   In industrial applications, hydrogen is widely used in chemical industry, energy and other fields, pressure transmitter is the key measurement equipment. If there is no gold-plated protection, the stainless steel diaphragm will gradually fail after long-term exposure to hydrogen. Therefore, when measuring the pressure in high-purity hydrogen or hydrogen-containing environments, the choice of gold-plated diaphragm can significantly improve the service life and measurement stability of the instrument.   Sum up   Stainless steel diaphragms need to be gold-plated when measuring hydrogen because of the high permeability of hydrogen and the potential hydrogen embrittlement effect on stainless steel. By gilding the membrane, an anti-permeability barrier is formed to prevent the hydrogen molecules from penetrating, ensuring the measurement accuracy and long-term stability of the device.                                                                                                                                          Thank you

When the pressure transmitter is used to measure oxygen, it needs to be deoiled and degreased, because the characteristics of oxygen make it dangerous to react with organic matter such as grease in some cases, and even cause an explosion. The reasons and scenarios for this process are explained in detail below.   Characteristics and risk analysis of oxygen 1. Strong oxidation of oxygen: • Oxygen is a strong oxidizing agent that can react quickly with some fats and organic matter. When the grease is present, the oxidation reaction may release a large amount of heat at a faster rate, resulting in local high temperatures and possibly even a fire or explosion. 2. Increased risk of pressurized environment: • When the pressure transmitter is used in a high-pressure oxygen environment, the oxidation activity of oxygen is significantly enhanced, which increases the risk of contact with grease. 3. The role of particle pollutants: In addition to oils and fats, some solid particles (such as rust or dust) may also act as catalysts for oxidation reactions, further increasing the risk.   The purpose of degreasing 1. Prevent oxidation reaction: • Degreasing removes grease or organic matter from the sensor surface or internal channels to avoid contact between oxygen and grease. 2. Improve measurement security: • The treated equipment can effectively reduce accidents caused by grease and improve the reliability and safety of system operation. 3. Ensure measurement accuracy: • Grease residue may adsorb particles or lead to blockage of internal flow channels, affecting sensor performance and measurement accuracy.   The specific method of degreasing 1. Chemical cleaning: • Clean the sensor with a special degreaser (e.g. Trichloroethylene, alcohol, etc.). 2. Ultrasonic cleaning: • Ultrasonic cleaning of sensor components to remove stubborn grease. 3. High temperature drying: • After degreasing cleaning, remove residual cleaning agent and moisture by drying. 4. Verification and inspection: • After degreasing, the treatment effect can be confirmed by UV lamp, residual oil test paper or oxygen exposure test.   When is degreasing necessary Special attention should be paid to deoiling and degreasing in the following scenarios: 1. The medium is pure oxygen or high oxygen concentration gas: • High purity oxygen (usually purity >99%) or high concentration oxygen environment, oxidation is significantly enhanced. 2. High system pressure: • When the oxygen pressure in the system is high (such as >1MPa), the reactivity of high-pressure oxygen is greatly improved, and it must be strictly degreased. 3. Medical or Aerospace applications: The safety of oxygen in medical devices (such as ventilators) and aerospace environments is extremely high and must be free of grease contamination. 4. High ambient temperature: • If the measured ambient temperature is high (e.g. >60°C), the increase in temperature will accelerate the oxidation reaction of oxygen. 5. There are highly sensitive parts: • When there are components in the system that are susceptible to contamination or reaction, such as high-precision valves or coating materials.   Under what circumstances does degreasing not need to be done? Deoiling and degreasing can not be performed under the following conditions: 1. The medium is air rather than pure oxygen: • The oxygen concentration in the general air is low (about 21%) and the pressure in most systems is low, so the risk is relatively small. 2. Low system pressure and temperature: • At low pressure (e.g., normal pressure or below 1MPa) and low temperature, the possibility of oxidation reaction is greatly reduced. 3. The system has low security requirements: • In non-critical applications, the presence of small amounts of grease in the system does not significantly affect operational safety.   Brief summary The deoiling and degreasing treatment when the pressure transmitter measures oxygen is to avoid the reaction of oil and oxygen and improve the safety of the system. The specific treatment requirements depend on the oxygen purity, pressure, temperature and application scenario. In high-purity, high-pressure oxygen systems and areas with high safety requirements, such as medical, aerospace, etc., deoiling and degreasing must be strictly carried out, while it is not necessarily required in ordinary air or conventional applications.                                                                                                                                             Thank you   

The drop type liquid level gauge is a sensor used to measure the height of liquid, especially suitable for various liquid storage tanks, rivers, reservoirs and other occasions. It determines the level height by measuring the static pressure of the liquid.   The detailed explanation of the working principle 1. Core components • Pressure sensor: detect the static pressure P=pgh generated by the liquid, and convert the pressure signal into an electrical signal. • Signal processor: Converts the electrical signal output by the sensor into a standard output signal (such as 4-20mA, 0-10V). • Ventilation cable: Balance the internal pressure of the gauge with the atmospheric pressure. 2. Pressure range design The measuring range of the submersible level gauge is determined by the pressure measuring range of the sensor, so it is necessary to select a level gauge suitable for the specific liquid depth. 3. Temperature compensation Part of the input level meter integrates a temperature sensor, which can compensate the change of liquid density caused by temperature change and improve the measurement accuracy.   The use of occasions 1. Industrial water treatment It is used in sewage treatment plants and water plants for liquid level measurement of clear pools and sumps. 2. Petrochemical industry For liquid crude oil, chemical solvent storage tank level monitoring. 3. Groundwater and environmental monitoring It can be used in groundwater level monitoring Wells, reservoir water level changes, river flood warning and other scenarios. 4. Food and beverage industry Sanitary input level gauges can be used in milk, beverage and beer storage tanks.   Advantages and Disadvantages Advantage 1. Simple structure: no moving parts, low failure rate, low maintenance cost. 2. Strong durability: Modern input level gauges can be made of stainless steel or special alloy materials, and can withstand high pressure and      a variety of chemical media. 3. High level of protection: many devices reach IP68 level and can be immersed in water for a long time. Disadvantages 1. Environmental sensitivity • Atmospheric pressure changes: Although the snorkel balances the pressure, accuracy can be affected if it is blocked or poorly sealed. • Temperature impact: Extreme temperature conditions may affect sensor stability. 2. High maintenance requirements It is easily affected by silt and impurities in dirty liquids and needs to be cleaned regularly.   Installation and maintenance precautions (detailed explanation) Installation procedure 1. Location selection Avoid stirrers or places where the flow is intense, and choose an area where the liquid flows steadily. 2. Fixing method • Use guide tubes in deep Wells or large containers to avoid sensor drift. • Use a hook, bracket, or dedicated mounting to secure the level gauge. 3. Protect the ventilation cable • Prevent ventilation cables from being broken or damaged. • Ensure that air holes are unblocked to prevent dust and water vapor from entering. 4. Cable connection • When connected to a standard signal transmitter, check the power supply polarity to prevent damage to the instrument. • Use shielded cables to avoid electromagnetic interference. Maintenance suggestion 1. Regular calibration The liquid level gauge should be calibrated regularly to prevent sensor drift from causing errors. 2. Anti-clogging measures For environments that are prone to deposition of impurities, you should consider adding a filter cover or cleaning it regularly. 3. Check the cable integrity Ensure tightness to prevent water vapor from entering and damaging internal components.   Typical application cases • Reservoir dam monitoring: The submersible level meter can be used in the reservoir's automatic water level monitoring system to provide real-time water level data for flood warning and storage management. • Industrial tank level control: For oil storage tanks in the petrochemical industry, combined with control systems to achieve level alarm and automatic control. Through the above explanation, you can have a more comprehensive understanding of the application and maintenance of the input level meter.                                                                                                                                                               Thank you                                        

       The signal output types commonly used by sensors in level switches generally have the following five types: Relay output, two-wire output, transistor output, non-contact output and NAMUR output, of which the relay output is the most widely used, transistor output and non-contact output are rarely involved, two-wire output and NAMUR output are mainly used in the intrinsic safety system, for the purpose of intrinsic safety. So what is the difference between two-wire output and NAMUR output in terms of application?       The two-wire system is a communication and power supply method relative to the four-wire system (two power supply lines, two communication lines), which combines the power supply line and the signal line into one, and the two lines achieve communication and power supply. Two-wire instruments are not connected to the power line, that is, they do not have an independent working power supply, the power supply needs to be introduced from the outside, usually for the safety gate to supply power to the sensor, the signal transmitted is passive signal. The two-wire system generally uses 4~20mA DC current to transmit the signal, and the upper limit is 20mA because of the requirements of explosion-proof: the spark energy caused by the 20mA current break is not enough to ignite the gas. The reason why the lower limit is not 0mA is to detect the broken line: it will not be lower than 4mA in normal operation, and when the transmission line is broken due to a fault, the loop current drops to 0. 2mA is usually used as the wire break alarm value, 8mA and 16mA as the level alarm value.         NAMUR standard first entered China in 2009, it was originally used in the proximity switch industry, so its working principle is defined by the proximity switch, its working principle is: The sensor needs to provide a DC voltage of about 8V, and a current signal from 1.2mA to 2.1mA will be generated according to the distance of the metal object close to the sensor. The typical value of the calibrated switching current is 1.55mA. When the current is low to high or equal to 1.75MA, an output signal will change (from 0 to 1, or from OFF to ON). When the current goes from high to low below 1.55mA, an output signal changes (from 1 to 0, or from ON to OFF). So it can check for the proximity of metal objects.          As can be seen from the working principle of the NAMUR, it is similar to the two-wire output, providing power to the sensor through the isolation gate (usually 8.2VDC, 24VDC in the two-wire system) and detecting its current signal. The NAMUR output detection point is usually ≤1.2mA and ≥2.1mA (the detection point set by different enterprises is different), the two-wire output detection point is generally 8mA and 16mA, and the switching signal is converted through the isolation grid and finally output to the DCS or PLAC control room. The difference between it and the two-wire system is that its current and voltage are smaller, and the power requirements of the safety gate used are lower, but relatively, its price is much more expensive than the output price of the two-wire system. At present, in China, the application of intrinsic safety system is more two-wire output, NAMUR output application is less, the reason is nothing more than the following two points: 1. NAMUR signal output system is expensive; 2. the intrinsic safety two-wire system output can completely replace the NAMUR output, and its price is cheaper.                                                                                                                                                    Thank you 

Process flow detection features   In order to ensure the material balance in on-line flow production, it is necessary to detect and control the flow of fluid in the pipeline. This process flow detection has some distinct characteristics, because the production is continuous, subject to the fluctuations of production required materials in a dynamic balance process, specific to a period of time stable in a flow range, and specific to a point in time every moment, can not ensure consistency. The material control of macro production is not the pursuit of absolute constancy of a point, but requires the relative stability of a range, so the error of this flow detection specific to a moment can be relaxed, but the change trend of the material should be characterized correctly. Therefore, the accuracy of this kind of process detection flow meter can be appropriately reduced, and two or even three flow monitoring meters can be selected.                                           Restrictions in the use of standard orifice plates The above defects in the use of orifice flowmeters force engineers and users to look for instruments of other structures. With the long-term accumulation of use and the efforts of instrument developers, a large number of non-standard throttling components have been developed. Although these non-standard throttling components cannot be supported by perfect experimental data as standard holes, they cannot achieve standardized production, but after long-term use and continuous improvement by manufacturers, they can meet the requirements of process flow detection. Wedge flowmeter has been widely used in many non-standard throttling components in recent years.   Wedge flowmeter structure characteristics From the appearance, the wedge flowmeter is a metal straight pipe with a connection flange welded at both ends, leaving two open interfaces in the middle of the metal pipe, and the interface has two ways of pipe mouth and flange, and the flange interface is mainly used in the industry. From the connection flange at both ends, it can be seen that there is a V-shaped protruding part that is fixed with the chamber in the body of the meter, which is the throttle element wedge block of the wedge flowmeter, and the pressure interface is opened on the front and back of the wedge block. From the appearance of the wedge flowmeter, it can be seen that the structure of the wedge flowmeter is greatly simplified, and the connector seals are reduced compared with the hole plate, and the installation and use are simpler and more convenient than the hole plate flowmeter.   Measuring principle of wedge flowmeter Wedge flowmeter is a throttling element, the structure of the throttling element is based on the Bernoulli principle - the sudden reduction of the fluid flow area caused by the static pressure dynamic pressure energy mutual conversion manufacturing, so a common throttling element is the flow area of the fluid suddenly greatly changed. The throttling element of the wedge flowmeter is a V-shaped wedge welded to the chamber of the meter body, through which the protruding wedge and the space formed by the chamber of the meter body realize the sudden change of the fluid flow area, so that the static pressure and dynamic pressure of the fluid can be converted to each other. The instantaneous flow rate of the fluid is measured by the differential pressure transmitter before and after the V-shaped wedge block, and the volume flow of the fluid flowing through the wedge flowmeter is converted.   Advantages of wedge flowmeter 1. eliminate impurities plugging It can be seen from the structure of the wedge flowmeter that the wedge is installed on one side of the surface body, and the flow area is between the wedge and the cavity in the surface body. This structure can flow through the wedge flowmeter with the fluid for impurities, particles and even larger welding slag in the medium, and will not accumulate in the surface body, so it can be used in the fluid measurement of particulate impurities that the orifice flowmeter cannot use.   2. apply to more situations The throttle wedge welded to one side of the instrument cavity produces a much smaller head (pressure) loss for the fluid passing through the body than the orifice plate with the middle opening, so the additional head loss for the hydrostatic dynamic pressure conversion process is much smaller than the orifice flowmeter. The wedge flowmeter is suitable for a wide range of fluid viscosity, which can be used for the measurement of crude oil, dirty oil, wax oil, fuel oil and even asphalt with high viscosity, and is widely used in the petroleum refining process.   3. the pressure mode change The flange pressure taking mode of wedge flowmeter simplifies the construction of throttle element + differential pressure transmitter to measure fluid flow. By using the mode of double flange transmitter, it can not only save the laying of pressure tube and tracing wire, but also significantly improve the accuracy of the measurement process of throttle element because of the stability of filling silicone oil in the capillary tube of double flange transmitter. It overcomes the additional error introduced by the qualitative change of the static medium in the pressure tube of the throttle element, reduces the failure rate and maintenance frequency of the flow meter, and improves the measuring accuracy of the wedge flowmeter as a whole.   4. energy conservation and emission reduction The head loss of wedge for overflowing fluid is less than that of orifice plate flowmeter, and the static pressure loss of wedge flowmeter and orifice plate flowmeter for the same medium should be reduced more. The detection method of wedge flowmeter + double flange transmitter eliminates the laying of pressure primer pipe, thus saving the laying of tracing heat source and the consumption of tracing steam. The pressure interface of wedge flowmeter can be insulated with the surface body and process pipeline as a whole, and the anti-freezing measures of wedge flowmeter in winter can be ensured through the heat source of the fluid itself, saving the steam energy consumption and condensate discharge of the device. The overall energy consumption of the device is reduced to a certain extent.                                                                                                                                                               Thank you    

Vortex flowmeter is a common flow measurement equipment, widely used in industrial processes to measure the flow of gas, liquid and steam. The following is a detailed explanation of its working principle, structure, operating conditions, possible problems, temperature and pressure compensation and required hardware when measuring saturated steam or superheated steam. 1. How it works Vortex flowmeters are based on the Karman vortex street principle: When a fluid flows through an asymmetric body (called a vortex generator), alternate vortices are formed downstream of it, which are generated and released at a specific frequency. The frequency of vortex generation is proportional to the flow rate of the fluid, so the flow rate of the fluid can be calculated by detecting the frequency of these vortices. Common detection methods include piezoelectric sensors or capacitive sensors to record the frequency of the vortex. 2.Structure The basic structure of vortex flowmeter includes: Vortex generators: Usually triangular columns or prisms, used to perturb the fluid and create vortices. • Sensor probes: Devices used to detect vortex frequencies, such as piezoelectric or capacitive sensors. Flow measurement pipe: A vortex generator and probe are installed in which the fluid flows through this section. • Signal processing unit: The signal collected by the probe is converted into velocity or flow data. 3. Operating conditions Vortex flowmeters are suitable for measuring the following fluids: • Gas: such as air, nitrogen, natural gas, etc. • Liquid: such as water, oil, etc. Steam: such as saturated steam and superheated steam. Note when using: • Straight pipe section requirements: To ensure accurate measurement, it is usually necessary to maintain a sufficiently long straight pipe section before and after the vortex flowmeter to avoid flow field disturbances. • Fluid velocity range: Vortex flowmeters are suitable for medium to high flow rates. • Temperature and pressure conditions: The right vortex flowmeter materials and sensors need to be selected according to the specific working conditions to adapt to higher temperature or pressure environments. 4. Common Problems Vortex flowmeter may encounter the following problems in use: Vibration effects: Pipe vibration can interfere with signal accuracy, resulting in incorrect measurement data. Low flow rate sensitivity: At low flow rates, the resulting vortex signal may not be obvious enough, reducing measurement accuracy. Scaling and corrosion: Scaling or corrosion on the inner wall of the measuring pipe can affect the performance and measurement stability of the vortex generator. • Foreign matter blocking: Foreign matter blocking the measurement pipe, will cause measurement errors 5. Temperature and pressure compensation when measuring saturated steam and superheated steam When measuring the flow of saturated or superheated steam, temperature and pressure compensation is important to ensure that the measured flow results reflect the mass flow or volume flow under actual conditions. • Saturated steam: The density of saturated steam has a fixed relationship with temperature and pressure, so the density can be calculated by measuring pressure or temperature. • Superheated steam: Since its temperature and pressure are relatively independent, the temperature and pressure must be measured simultaneously to calculate the density. Compensation method: Temperature compensation: Obtain the temperature of the fluid in real time by installing a temperature sensor. • Pressure compensation: Obtain the pressure of the fluid in real time by installing a pressure transmitter. Flow calculation: Temperature and pressure data are entered into flow calculators or automated systems for real-time density compensation to calculate accurate mass flow rates. 6. Required hardware In order to achieve accurate temperature and pressure compensation, the following hardware is usually required: • Vortex flowmeter body: equipped with standard signal output interface. Temperature sensors (such as thermocouples or thermal resistors) : used to measure the temperature of steam. • Pressure transmitter: Used to measure the pressure of steam. Flow calculators or DCS/PLC systems: used to receive temperature, pressure and flow signals and perform compensation calculations. 7. Add: Why is temperature and pressure compensation required when measuring saturated or superheated steam Temperature and pressure compensation is required when measuring saturated or superheated steam, mainly because the density of steam varies significantly with temperature and pressure. Without compensation, vortex flowmeters can only measure volume flow, and for accurate process control and energy calculation, we usually need to know the mass flow or standard volume flow. Here's why: 1. Density change of steam • Saturated steam: In the saturated state, there is a strict correspondence between the temperature and pressure of the steam. Any change in temperature or pressure results in a change in density, so density can be derived by measuring a parameter, such as temperature or pressure. However, it is still necessary to obtain the density in real time for compensation due to the change of working conditions. • Superheated steam: Temperature and pressure vary independently, and density cannot be determined simply by one parameter. Therefore, it is necessary to measure both temperature and pressure to calculate the density of the vapor. 2. Flow type and measurement target • Volume flow: The vortex flowmeter directly measures the volume flow of the fluid, that is, the volume through the measured section in unit time. For gases and vapors, this value does not directly reflect mass at different temperatures and pressures. Mass flow rate: This is a more useful quantity in process control and energy calculation as it relates to the actual mass of the fluid. When calculating the mass flow rate, you need to use the formula: • Density compensation: Through temperature and pressure measurements, real-time density is calculated and compensated to ensure that the measured result is an accurate mass flow rate or standard volume flow rate. 3. Steam energy calculation needs In many industrial applications, especially those involving steam heating or steam driven equipment, the energy transfer of steam is key. The enthalpy (heat content) of steam is directly related to its temperature and pressure. Without compensation, the data provided by the flowmeter cannot be used accurately for energy calculations. • Real-time compensation provides the true state parameters of the steam for more accurate energy balance and control. 4. Dynamic changes in actual working conditions The temperature and pressure in a steam system may change over time, such as under high or low load conditions, and this fluctuation will cause the density of the steam to change. Therefore, in order to ensure accurate measurements, these changes need to be captured and compensated dynamically. conclusion Temperature and pressure compensation is necessary for measuring saturated and superheated steam because it can: • The volume flow measured by the corrected flowmeter is mass flow. • Provides more accurate steam flow data for process control. • Ensure the accuracy of energy calculations and process efficiency. By measuring temperature and pressure in real time and combining these data for density calculations, it is possible to compensate for changes in vapor density, making measurements more reliable and accurate. conclusion Vortex flowmeter is widely used in industry because of its simple structure, easy maintenance and wide application range. When measuring saturated and superheated steam, temperature and pressure compensation is essential to ensure the accuracy and reliability of flow data.                                                                                                                                                                Thank you 

Electromagnetic flowmeter is a common industrial flow measurement equipment, and its installation requirements are strict, which is directly related to the accuracy and long-term stability of the measurement. The following is a detailed description of the installation requirements of the electromagnetic flowmeter, the reasons and the problems that may be caused by not following the installation requirements.   1. Installation requirements of electromagnetic flowmeter   1.1 Pipe location requirements   • Straight pipe length: • The upstream straight pipe section is generally required to be ≥5 times pipe diameter (D), and the downstream straight pipe section is required to be ≥3 times pipe diameter (D).              The downstream installation requirements are not met                              The downstream does not meet the installation requirements and is installed together with the regulator     • Avoid high vibration locations: • Install in areas with low vibration of pipes or equipment. • Avoid strong magnetic field interference: • Keep away from strong electromagnetic interference sources such as large motors, frequency converters, and cables. 1.2 Fluid fills the pipe   • Installation position to ensure that fluid fills the pipe: • The horizontal pipe installation of the flow meter is usually selected in the lower part of the pipe, there is a height difference at the outlet, and the vertical pipe installation flows upward to avoid gas or empty pipe phenomenon in the pipe during measurement.                              The meter transmitter is installed horizontally, the original left and right distribution of the electrode becomes the upper and lower distribution, the upper electrode is easy to be affected by bubbles, and the lower electrode may be worn by impurities in the medium. 1.3 Grounding Requirements   • Good grounding: • The ground resistance of the flow meter is usually required to be less than 10 ohms, and it should be grounded separately to avoid sharing the ground point with other equipment.   1.5 Fluid Conditions   • Avoid strong eddy or turbulent flow in the pipeline: • Ensure that the fluid is flowing uniformly at the sensor.                  Failure to meet installation requirements may cause unstable media flow                   The junction box is below, and there may be water inlet risk after long-term use 2. Reasons for installation according to these requirements   2.1 Ensure the accuracy of measurement   • The working principle of the electromagnetic flowmeter is based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, which requires a fluid to flow in a magnetic field to generate an induced voltage. Therefore, a uniform distribution of fluid velocity is essential. • Insufficient straight pipe segments can cause turbulence or bias in the fluid flow, directly affecting the stability of the induced voltage and resulting in inaccurate readings.   2.2 Avoid Interference   • Strong electromagnetic fields and poor grounding can introduce interference signals, so that the sensor can not accurately perceive the weak induced voltage, affecting the stability and accuracy of the device   2.3 Ensure device service life   Bubbles, particles, and vibrations in the fluid may shock or interfere with the electrodes, affecting the life of the sensor.   3. Consequences of not following the installation requirements   3.1 Measurement error   • No straight pipe section: • Upstream or downstream fluid flow disorder, electromagnetic flow meter induced voltage fluctuations, measurement results deviate from the true value. • Fluid does not fill the pipe: • The fluid does not completely cover the electrode, and the measurement signal is distorted or even impossible to measure. • Strong vibration or bubble interference: • The output signal is unstable and the data fluctuates greatly.   3.2 Device Faults   • Poor grounding: • External electromagnetic interference into the flow meter circuit may result in false alarms or meter damage. • Improper installation position: • Long-term bubble shock or particle accumulation can wear the electrode and increase maintenance costs.   3.3 Running Interruption   • Failure of the flow meter to work properly may lead to a halt in the production process or instability in the process.   4. Conclusion   The installation requirements of the electromagnetic flowmeter are determined by its measuring principle and working characteristics. Strictly follow the installation requirements: 1. Ensure measurement accuracy; 2. Improve operation stability; 3. Extend the service life of the device.   Any behavior that does not install as required may lead to deviation of measurement data or even equipment failure, which poses risks to the production process. In order to avoid problems, the installation should carefully evaluate the site conditions and strictly follow the specifications.                                                                                                                                                     Thank you